IiNkqubo zokuHamba ngokuNgaphakathi: Izixhobo eziSmart kwiiNdlela eziZimeleyo zeSpacecraft

Kwinkalo yetekhnoloji ye-aerospace,iinkqubo zangaphakathi zokukhangela(INS) lutshintsho oluphambili, ngakumbi kwiziphekepheke. Le nkqubo intsonkothileyo yenza ukuba isiphekepheke ukuba simisele ngokuzimeleyo ikhondo laso ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwisixhobo sokujonga sangaphandle. Kwintliziyo yale teknoloji yi-Interial Measurement Unit (IMU), icandelo eliphambili elidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kokuhamba kwindawo enkulu.

#### Amacandelo enkqubo yokukhangela engasebenziyo

Iinkqubo yokukhangela inertialubukhulu becala iqulathe izinto ezintathu ezisisiseko: iyunithi yokulinganisa inertial (IMU), iyunithi yokucwangcisa idatha kunye ne-algorithm yokukhangela. I-IMU yenzelwe ukukhangela utshintsho kwisantya senqwelomoya kunye nesantya se-angular, siyivumela ukuba ilinganise kwaye ibale isimo sengqondo senqwelomoya kunye nobume bentshukumo ngexesha lokwenyani. Esi khono sibalulekile ekugcineni uzinzo kunye nolawulo ngexesha lazo zonke izigaba zobuthunywa.

Iyunithi yokucubungula idatha incedisa i-IMU ngokuhlalutya idatha ye-sensor eqokelelwe ngexesha lokuhamba. Isebenzisa olu lwazi ukufumana ulwazi olunentsingiselo, oluthi ke lusetyenziswe zii-algorithms zokukhangela ukuvelisa iziphumo zokukhangela zokugqibela. Oku kudityaniswa kwamacandelo kuqinisekisa ukuba i-spacecraft iyakwazi ukuhamba ngokufanelekileyo nangona kungabikho iimpawu zangaphandle.

#### Ukuzimisela komkhondo ozimeleyo

Enye yezona nzuzo zibalulekileyo zenkqubo yokukhangela i-inertial kukukwazi kwayo ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo i-trajectory yesiphekepheke. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zokukhangela zemveli ezixhomekeke kwizikhululo ezisemhlabeni okanye kwiinkqubo zokubeka isatellite, i-INS isebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Oku kuzimela kuluncedo ngokukodwa ngexesha lezigaba ezibalulekileyo zemishini, ezifana nokuqalisa kunye nokuhamba kwe-orbital, apho iimpawu zangaphandle zinokuthi zingathembeki okanye zingabikho.

Ngethuba lesigaba sokuqalisa, inkqubo yokukhangela i-inertial ibonelela ngokuchaneka kokuhamba kunye nokulawula amandla, iqinisekisa ukuba i-spacecraft ihlala izinzile kwaye ilandele indlela ekujoliswe kuyo. Njengoko i-spacecraft inyuka, inkqubo ye-inertial navigation system ngokuqhubekayo ibeka iliso kwintshukumo yayo, yenza uhlengahlengiso lwexesha lokwenyani ukuze kugcinwe iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokubhabha.

Ngethuba lesigaba sokubhabha, inkqubo yokukhangela i-inertial idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo. Ihlala ihlengahlengisa isimo sengqondo kunye nokushukuma kwesiphekepheke ukuququzelela ukumisa okuchanekileyo nge-orbit ekujoliswe kuyo. Esi sikhundla sibalulekile kwimishini ebandakanya ukusasazwa kwesathelayithi, ukuhanjiswa kwesikhululo sasemajukujukwini okanye ukuhlola i-interstellar.

#### Usetyenziso kuMkhanya woMhlaba kunye noPhononongo lweZixhobo

Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuqhuba i-inertial azikhawulelwanga ekumiselweni kwendlela. Kuphononongo lwasemajukujukwini kunye nemephu kunye nemishini yokuhlola ubutyebi bomhlaba, iisistim zokuhambisa i-inertial zibonelela ngesikhundla esichanekileyo kunye nolwazi lomkhombandlela. Le datha ixabiseke kakhulu kwimishini yokujonga uMhlaba, ivumela izazinzulu kunye nabaphandi ukuba baqokelele ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nemithombo yoMhlaba kunye notshintsho lwemo engqongileyo.

#### Imiceli mngeni kunye nezinto ezilindelekileyo kwixesha elizayo

Ngelixa iinkqubo ze-inertial navigation zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, azinayo imingeni. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, impazamo yenzwa kunye nokukhukuliseka kubangela ukuba ukuchaneka kuhla kancinci kancinci. Ukunciphisa le miba, ulungelelwaniso lwamaxesha athile kunye nembuyekezo ngezinye iindlela ziyafuneka.

Ukujonga kwikamva, ikamva leenkqubo zokukhangela ezingenasiphelo liqaqambile. Ngokuqhubeka ngokutsha kwetekhnoloji kunye nophando, sinokulindela ukuchaneka kokukhangela kunye nokuthembeka ukuphucula kakhulu. Njengoko ezi nkqubo zikhula, ziya kudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kuphapho, ukuhamba ngenqanawa nakwamanye amabala, zibeka isiseko esiluqilima sokuphononongwa komntu kwindalo iphela.

Isishwankathelo,iinkqubo zangaphakathi zokukhangelazimele umtsi omkhulu kwitekhnoloji yokukhangela kwiziphekepheke ngoyilo lwazo olukrelekrele kunye namandla okuzimela. Ngokusebenzisa amandla e-IMU kunye nobuchwepheshe bokucwangcisa idatha, i-INS ayiphuculi kuphela ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemishini yendawo, kodwa ivula indlela yokuhlola kwixesha elizayo ngaphaya koMhlaba.